| ysrrncmqa | Date: Tuesday, 19 Nov 2013, 4:57 PM | Message # 1 |
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| Cranberry The cranberry plant, Vaccinium macrocarpon, is native to North America. Other related plants in the Vaccinium genus Include blueberry and bilberry. The ripe fruit, that's extremely sour, is used both as food and for an herbal medicine. Uses and Benefits: Cranberry juice includes a long tradition <a href=http://www.uggbootsuggswholesale.com>wholesale ugg boots</a> in American folklore of helping to treat or prevent urinary tract infections (UTls). Scientific studies have attempted to validate the empiric usage of cranberry for a urologic antimicrobial agent and as being a potential medicinal herb to <a href=http://www.uggbootsonsale2014.net>UGGS Boots Sale</a> assist prevent UTls in susceptible individuals.Pharmacology: Cranberry juice was originally thought to inhibit urinary bacteria by acidifying the urine or by being excreted as tlippuric acid, an antibacterial chemical. More recent investigations have didn't validate these mechanisms. Instead, it is now known that specific proanthocyanidins, condensed tannins through the cranberry fruit (also within blueberries), can inhibit the adherence of uropathogenic E. coli and various bacteria to epithelial cells in vitro and vivo.A comparable constituent may be found to inhibit the coadhesion of dental plaque bacteria. Cranberry juice has recently been found to own some in vitro bactericidal activity as well. Clinical Trials:Initial claims that cranberry juice was effective in treating or preventing UTls were based on case reports or small uncontrolled studies. Only three double-blind, placebocontrolled trials have adequately investigated cranberry's clinical effects; two these trials found clinical benefits. All three studies were conducted inside the U.S., though the two positive studies have methodologic weaknesses (e.g., unstated or quasi-randomization procedures, high drop-out rates, no intention-to-treat analysis) that reduce the reliability of the results. 8 Cranberry has not been studied for the treatment of acute symptomatic UTls.In one randomized controlled trial (RCT), investigators gave 300 ml/day of cranberry juice cocktail or a placebo beverage to 192 elderly female nursing home residents over a 6-month period. ' ° Pyuria with bacteriuria was significantly reduced from the cranberry group (15%) as compared to the placebo group (28.1  (P = 0.004). Antibiotics for UTls were prescribed eight times within the cranberry group by subjects' own physicians, and 16 times in the placebo group. Criticisms of your study included important differences in baseline characteristics on the treatment and placebo groups, in addition to a 20% drop-out rate. In a RCT using a 6-month crossover-design, investigators gave a daily cranberry extract capsule or placebo to sexually active women (median age 37) with recurrent UTls; only 10 subjects could possibly be evaluated. incidents of UTls, 6 occurred while taking the cranberry product, and occurred while taking placebo, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.005). Lastly, no benefits were found in a 6-month crossover study of 15 high-risk children with neurogenic bladder requiring clean intermittent catheterization q.i.d. Subjects drank ounces daily of any cranberry concentrate juice (equivalent to 300 ml of cranberry cocktail) or maybe a placebo, and weekly catheterized urine specimens were obtained in your own home visits. Cranberry juice, compared to placebo, failed to reduce the frequency of bacteriuria (75% in each group), isolation of E. coli (43% vs. 48%, respectively), or symptomatic UTls (three in each group). No reduction in bacteriuria was found, however the power to detect a difference inside the quantity of clinical UTls was small because of the low number of UTls inside children. Adverse reactions:There won't be any documented unwanted side effects with cranberry products. Negative effects and Interactions:There isn't any recognized drug interactions. Cautions:Cranberry juice contains moderately high levels of oxalate, that might raise the risk of kidney stones in susceptible individuals. One man having a distant history of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis developed recurrent stones following self-administration of cranberry extract tablets for 6 months. A pilot study of the extract taken daily for 1 week in five healthy subjects confirmed an increase in urinary oxalate levels. However, substances seen to both induce (e.g., sodium) and inhibit (e.g., magnesium, potassium) stone formation were also increased; the effect remains to be not clear. The large amounts of sugar in most beverage products may very well be relatively contraindicated for patients with diabetes. Individuals ought not depend on cranberry preparations to cure an established, symptomatic UTI, and ought not dday in obtaining necessary medical treatment. Preparations & Doses: Pure cranberry juice is very acidic ,and sour; by far the most commonly marketed drink, cranberry juice cocktail, is really a mixture of cranberry juice (at the least 25% by volume), sweeteners, and vitamin C.Preparations and doses used in the aforementioned clinical trials <a href=http://www.uggsuggbootsoutlet.com>UGG Outlet</a> included 300 ml/day (10 oz) of an standard cranberry juice cocktail beverage or 2 oz of concentrate (both :,supplied by Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.) in single or divided doses. A daily dietary supplement capsule containing 400 mg of cranberry extract (Solaray, Inc.) was also found in one trial. There are numerous other cranberry foods and supplements available on the market that will be expected to possess similar active constituents, however the optimal preparation and dose is unknown. Summary Evaluation:Cranberry's anti-infective activity while in the urinary tract is well docucmented. Primarily, it inhibits the adherence of bacteria to urinary pithelial cells. Limited controlled trials suggest that cranberry products might help prevent UTls in susceptible individuals; how(~ver, the available evidence is conflicting, plus the studies all have methodologic flaws. Because cranberry is really a safe and well-tolerdied herbal remedy, it isn't unreasonable for individuals with recurrent UTls to test cranberry products for chronic preventive therapy. However, the potential beneficial effects, if clinically significant, are apt to be small.
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